Amazing Notes of 10th Class Biology with Syeda Naqvi

CHAPTER 12: Coordination and Control

Understand The Concept

1. What can happen if there is no coordination in the activities of organisms? Without coordination in the activities of organisms, several problems can arise:

1. Inefficient Functioning: Organ systems may work at cross purposes, leading to inefficient functioning.
2. Homeostasis Imbalance: Maintaining stable internal conditions (homeostasis) becomes difficult, causing issues like fluctuating body temperatures, inconsistent blood sugar levels, etc.
3. Survival Issues: Lack of coordination in responding to external threats can compromise survival, as the organism may not respond appropriately to dangers.
4. Developmental Problems: Growth and development may be irregular or abnormal, affecting the organism’s overall health and functionality.
5. Location and function of brain parts:

1. Neuron definition and structure
2. Neuron definition and structure: A neuron is a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses. The general structure includes:
   • Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and organelles.
   • Dendrites: Branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons.
   • Axon: A long, slender projection that transmits impulses away from the cell body.
   • Myelin Sheath: An insulating layer covering the axon, speeding up impulse transmission.
   • Synaptic Terminals: Ends of the axon that release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons.
3. : A neuron is a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses. The general structure includes:
   • Cell Body (Soma): Contains the nucleus and organelles.
   • Dendrites: Branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons.
   • Axon: A long, slender projection that transmits impulses away from the cell body.
   • Myelin Sheath: An insulating layer covering the axon, speeding up impulse transmission.
   • Synaptic Terminals: Ends of the axon that release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons.
4. Structure of the human eye: The human eye consists of:

1. Cornea: The transparent front layer that refracts light.
2. Pupil: The opening that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
3. Iris: The colored part that controls the size of the pupil.
4. Lens: Focuses light onto the retina.
5. Retina: The inner layer containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that detect light.
6. Optic Nerve: Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
7. Sclera: The white outer layer provides protection.
8. Choroid: The vascular layer supplying blood to the eye.
9. Structure of the ear:

1. External Ear: Includes the pinna (auricle) that collects sound waves and the ear canal that channels them to the eardrum.
2. Middle Ear: Contains the eardrum (tympanic membrane) and three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that amplify sound vibrations.
3. Inner Ear: Comprises the cochlea (for hearing), vestibule, and semicircular canals (for balance).
4. Short sight and long sight problems and treatments:

1. Short Sight (Myopia): Difficulty seeing distant objects. Treated with concave lenses or refractive surgery (e.g., LASIK).
2. Long Sight (Hyperopia): Difficulty seeing close objects. Treated with convex lenses or corrective surgery.
3. Role of the ear in the maintenance of balance: The inner ear, particularly the vestibular system consisting of the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule, detects head movements and spatial orientation, helping maintain balance.
4. Contributions of Ibn-al-Haitham and Al-Ibn-Isa:

1. Ibn-al-Haitham (Alhazen): Made significant contributions to the understanding of vision and optics, including theories about the eye’s structure and function.
2. Al-Ibn-Isa (Jesu Haly): Authored influential texts on ophthalmology, describing various eye diseases and their treatments.
3. Major glands of the endocrine system and their hormones:

1. Pituitary Gland: Produces hormones like growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
2. Thyroid Gland: Secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) for regulating metabolism.
3. Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
4. Adrenal Glands: Secrete adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisol, involved in stress response and metabolism.
5. Gonads (Ovaries and Testes): Produce sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, regulating reproductive functions.
6. Negative feedback with insulin and glucagon: When blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar. When levels fall, the pancreas releases glucagon to release stored glucose from the liver, raising blood sugar. This negative feedback loop maintains glucose homeostasis.
7. Role of adrenaline in exercise and emergency conditions: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is released during stress or exercise, increasing heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and energy availability, preparing the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses.
8. Symptoms and treatments of paralysis and epilepsy:

1. Paralysis: Symptoms include loss of muscle function in part of the body. Treatments focus on physical therapy, medications, and sometimes surgery to improve mobility and function.
2. Epilepsy: Characterized by recurrent seizures. Treatments include antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery to control seizures.

Short Answers

1. Identify the two types of coordination in living organisms. The two types of coordination in living organisms are nervous coordination and chemical (endocrine) coordination.
2. Differentiate between the modes of nervous and chemical coordination.
   • Nervous Coordination: Involves the nervous system, where nerve impulses are transmitted through neurons. It is fast and usually results in immediate responses.
   • Chemical Coordination: Involves the endocrine system, where hormones are secreted into the bloodstream. It is slower but has longer-lasting effects.
3. What are the main components of coordination? The main components of coordination are the receptors (sense organs), the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and effectors (muscles and glands).
4. Define reflex action and refle
5. Define reflex action and reflex arc.
   • Reflex Action: An automatic and rapid response to a stimulus, which does not involve conscious thought.
   • Reflex Arc: The pathway followed by nerve impulses during a reflex action, typically involving a sensory neuron, an interneuron in the spinal cord, and a motor neuron.
6. x arc.
   • Reflex Action: An automatic and rapid response to a stimulus, which does not involve conscious thought.
   • Reflex Arc: The pathway followed by nerve impulses during a reflex action, typically involving a sensory neuron, an interneuron in the spinal cord, and a motor neuron.
7. Trace the path of a nerve impulse in case of a reflex action. The path of a nerve impulse in a reflex action is:
   • Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Spinal Cord (Interneuron) → Motor Neuron → Effector (muscle or gland) → Response.
8. Describe the pupil reflex in dim and bright light.
   • Dim Light: The pupil dilates (enlarges) to allow more light to enter the eye, improving vision in low-light conditions. This is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
   • Bright Light: The pupil constricts (shrinks) to reduce the amount of light entering the eye, protecting the retina from excessive light. This is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.
9. How would you associate the role of vitamin A with vision and the effects of its deficiency on the retina? Vitamin A is crucial for the production of rhodopsin, a pigment in the retina’s photoreceptor cells necessary for low-light (night) vision. Deficiency in vitamin A can lead to night blindness and other retinal problems, such as xerophthalmia and even permanent blindness.
10. Define the terms; hormone and endocrine system.
    • Hormone: A chemical substance produced by endocrine glands, released into the bloodstream, and regulates various physiological processes in the body.
    • Endocrine System: A network of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

FAQ

Q: What are the two types of coordination in living organisms?
A: Nervous coordination and chemical (endocrine) coordination.

Q: How do nervous and chemical coordination differ?
A: Nervous coordination uses fast nerve impulses via neurons, while chemical coordination uses slower, longer-lasting hormones in the bloodstream.

Q: What are the main components of coordination?
A: Receptors, central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and effectors (muscles and glands).

Q: What is a reflex action?
A: An automatic and rapid response to a stimulus without conscious thought.

Q: What is a reflex arc?
A: The pathway of nerve impulses in a reflex action, involving sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

Q: What is the path of a nerve impulse in a reflex action?
A: Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Spinal Cord (Interneuron) → Motor Neuron → Effector → Response.

Q: How does the pupil reflex work in dim and bright light?
A: In dim light, the pupil dilates to let in more light; in bright light, the pupil constricts to reduce light entry.

Q: What role does vitamin A play in vision?
A: It helps produce rhodopsin, a pigment essential for night vision. Deficiency can lead to night blindness and other retinal issues.

Q: What is a hormone?
A: A chemical substance produced by endocrine glands that regulates physiological processes in the body.

Q: What is the endocrine system?
A: A network of glands that produce and release hormones to control growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

References:

1.  “Chapter 2 Air Defense Artillery Control Systems”. US Army Air Defense Digest, 1972. Hillman Hall, Fort Bliss, Texas: U. S. Army Air Defense School. 1972. Retrieved 2013-02-23 – via Ed Thelen’s Nike Missile Web Site.