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10th Class Easy & Interesting Notes: Biology

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10th Class Easy & Interesting Notes: Biology

CHAPTER 10
Gaseous Exchange

Understanding the Concept:

1. How do the different parts of the plant body exchange gases with the environment?

Different parts of the plant body exchange gases with the environment through various structures:

  • Leaves: Gas exchange in leaves occurs through tiny openings called stomata. Stomata open and close to regulate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
  • Stems: In young, green stems, gas exchange occurs through stomata. In older, woody stems, gas exchange occurs through lenticels, which are small openings in the bark.
  • Roots: Roots exchange gases with the soil environment through root hairs and the spaces between soil particles. Oxygen diffuses into the root cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses out.

2. Write down the steps of inhalation and exhalation.

Inhalation:

  1. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
  2. The intercostal muscles (between the ribs) contract, lifting the rib cage up and out.
  3. The thoracic cavity enlarges, reducing the pressure inside the lungs compared to the outside air.
  4. Air is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, trachea, and bronchi, filling the alveoli.

Exhalation:

  1. The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
  2. The intercostal muscles relax, allowing the rib cage to move down and in.
  3. The thoracic cavity becomes smaller, increasing the pressure inside the lungs.
  4. Air is pushed out of the lungs through the bronchi, and trachea, and out through the nose or mouth.

3. State the signs and symptoms, causes, and treatments of bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia.

Bronchitis:

  • Signs and Symptoms: Coughing, production of mucus (sputum), fatigue, shortness of breath, slight fever and chills, chest discomfort.
  • Causes: Viral or bacterial infections, exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution, dust, or toxic gases.
  • Treatments: Rest, fluids, cough medicine, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics (if bacterial).

Emphysema:

  • Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chronic cough, wheezing, reduced capacity for physical activity, fatigue, weight loss.
  • Causes: Long-term exposure to airborne irritants, including tobacco smoke, marijuana smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust.
  • Treatments: Smoking cessation, bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, in severe cases, lung surgery, or transplant.

Pneumonia:

  • Signs and Symptoms: Cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, difficulty breathing, chest pain, fatigue, confusion (especially in older adults).
  • Causes: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections; inhalation of foreign substances.
  • Treatments: Antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia), antiviral medications (for viral pneumonia), antifungal treatment (for fungal pneumonia), rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers/fever reducers.

4. How does tobacco smoke damage the respiratory system?

Tobacco smoke damages the respiratory system in several ways:

  • Cilia Damage: The chemicals in tobacco smoke damage the cilia in the respiratory tract, which are responsible for clearing mucus and debris from the lungs. This leads to mucus build-up and increased risk of infection.
  • Inflammation: Tobacco smoke causes inflammation of the airways, leading to chronic bronchitis and obstructive lung diseases.
  • Alveoli Damage: The toxins in tobacco smoke damage the alveoli, and the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs, leading to emphysema and reduced lung function.
  • Carcinogens: Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens that increase the risk of lung cancer.
  • Reduced Immune Response: Smoking weakens the immune system, making the respiratory system more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

These damages impair the overall function of the respiratory system, leading to decreased oxygen supply to the body and increased risk of respiratory diseases.

Short Answers

1. How do the different parts of the plant body exchange gases with the environment?

Different parts of the plant body exchange gases with the environment through various structures:

  • Leaves: Gas exchange in leaves occurs through tiny openings called stomata. Stomata open and close to regulate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
  • Stems: In young, green stems, gas exchange occurs through stomata. In older, woody stems, gas exchange occurs through lenticels, which are small openings in the bark.
  • Roots: Roots exchange gases with the soil environment through root hairs and the spaces between soil particles. Oxygen diffuses into the root cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses out.

2. Write down the steps of inhalation and exhalation.

Inhalation:

  1. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
  2. The intercostal muscles (between the ribs) contract, lifting the rib cage up and out.
  3. The thoracic cavity enlarges, reducing the pressure inside the lungs compared to the outside air.
  4. Air is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, trachea, and bronchi, filling the alveoli.

Exhalation:

  1. The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
  2. The intercostal muscles relax, allowing the rib cage to move down and in.
  3. The thoracic cavity becomes smaller, increasing the pressure inside the lungs.
  4. Air is pushed out of the lungs through the bronchi, and trachea, and out through the nose or mouth.

3. State the signs and symptoms, causes, and treatments of bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia.

Bronchitis:

  • Signs and Symptoms: Coughing, production of mucus (sputum), fatigue, shortness of breath, slight fever and chills, chest discomfort.
  • Causes: Viral or bacterial infections, exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution, dust, or toxic gases.
  • Treatments: Rest, fluids, cough medicine, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics (if bacterial).

Emphysema:

  • Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chronic cough, wheezing, reduced capacity for physical activity, fatigue, weight loss.
  • Causes: Long-term exposure to airborne irritants, including tobacco smoke, marijuana smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust.
  • Treatments: Smoking cessation, bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, in severe cases, lung surgery, or transplant.

Pneumonia:

  • Signs and Symptoms: Cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, difficulty breathing, chest pain, fatigue, confusion (especially in older adults).
  • Causes: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections; inhalation of foreign substances.
  • Treatments: Antibiotics (for bacterial pneumonia), antiviral medications (for viral pneumonia), antifungal treatment (for fungal pneumonia), rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers/fever reducers.

4. How does tobacco smoke damage the respiratory system?

Tobacco smoke damages the respiratory system in several ways:

  • Cilia Damage: The chemicals in tobacco smoke damage the cilia in the respiratory tract, which are responsible for clearing mucus and debris from the lungs. This leads to mucus build-up and increased risk of infection.
  • Inflammation: Tobacco smoke causes inflammation of the airways, leading to chronic bronchitis and obstructive lung diseases.
  • Alveoli Damage: The toxins in tobacco smoke damage the alveoli, and the small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs, leading to emphysema and reduced lung function.
  • Carcinogens: Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens that increase the risk of lung cancer.
  • Reduced Immune Response: Smoking weakens the immune system, making the respiratory system more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

These damages impair the overall function of the respiratory system, leading to decreased oxygen supply to the body and increased risk of respiratory diseases.

Short Answers

1. Differentiate between breathing and cellular respiration.

Breathing:

  • Definition: The physical process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
  • Location: Occurs in the respiratory organs (lungs).
  • Function: Moves air in and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the environment.

Cellular Respiration:

  • Definition: The biochemical process by which cells produce energy (ATP) from glucose and oxygen.
  • Location: Occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
  • Function: Converts oxygen and glucose into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

2. Trace the path of air from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.

  1. Nasal Cavity: Air enters through the nose.
  2. Pharynx: Air passes through the throat.
  3. Larynx: Air moves past the voice box.
  4. Trachea: Air travels down the windpipe.
  5. Bronchi: Air enters the two main bronchi (one for each lung).
  6. Bronchioles: Air moves through smaller bronchioles within the lungs.
  7. Alveoli: Air reaches the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

3. How will you differentiate between a stoma and a lenticel?

Stoma:

  • Location: Found primarily on the surface of leaves.
  • Structure: Consists of two guard cells that open and close the pore.
  • Function: Regulates gas exchange and water vapor loss in plants.

Lenticel:

  • Location: Found on the surface of stems and woody plants.
  • Structure: Consists of loosely packed cells creating a porous opening.
  • Function: Allows gas exchange between the internal tissues of the plant and the external environment.

FAQs on Plant and Human Respiratory Systems

1. How do the different parts of the plant body exchange gases with the environment?

Answer: Plants exchange gases primarily through stomata, lenticels, and their surface cells.

  • Stomata: Tiny pores on the surface of leaves and stems, which open and close to regulate gas exchange.
  • Lenticels: Small openings in the bark of woody stems, allowing gas exchange between the internal tissues and the atmosphere.
  • Surface cells: In roots and some other parts, gases can diffuse directly through cell membranes.

2. What are the steps of inhalation and exhalation?

Answer: Inhalation:

  1. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
  2. Intercostal muscles contract, lifting the rib cage.
  3. Thoracic cavity volume increases.
  4. Air pressure within the lungs decreases.
  5. Air is drawn into the lungs.

Exhalation:

  1. The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
  2. Intercostal muscles relax, lowering the rib cage.
  3. Thoracic cavity volume decreases.
  4. Air pressure within the lungs increases.
  5. Air is expelled from the lungs.

3. What are the signs and symptoms, causes, and treatments of bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia?

Answer: Bronchitis:

  • Signs and Symptoms: Cough, mucus production, fatigue, shortness of breath, slight fever, chills, chest discomfort.
  • Causes: Viral infections, bacterial infections, exposure to tobacco smoke, pollutants, and dust.
  • Treatments: Rest, fluids, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory medications, antibiotics (if bacterial).

Emphysema:

  • Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic cough, fatigue, weight loss.
  • Causes: Long-term exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollutants, and genetic factors.
  • Treatments: Smoking cessation, bronchodilators, steroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and surgery (in severe cases).

Pneumonia:

  • Signs and Symptoms: Cough (with phlegm), fever, chills, difficulty breathing, chest pain, fatigue, nausea.
  • Causes: Bacterial infections, viral infections, fungi, inhalation of harmful substances.
  • Treatments: Antibiotics (if bacterial), antiviral medications, antifungal medications, rest, fluids, and hospitalization (in severe cases).

4. How does tobacco smoke damage the respiratory system?

Answer: Tobacco smoke damages the respiratory system by:

  • Irritating the airways and causing inflammation.
  • Destroying cilia leads to mucus accumulation and infection.
  • Damaging alveoli, reducing gas exchange efficiency.
  • Increasing the risk of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, and other respiratory diseases.
  • Reducing lung function and increasing susceptibility to infections.

Short Questions

1. Differentiate between breathing and cellular respiration.

Answer:

  • Breathing: The physical process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide through the respiratory system.
  • Cellular Respiration: The biochemical process in cells where oxygen is used to produce energy (ATP) from glucose, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

2. Trace the path of air from the nasal cavity to the alveoli.

Answer:

  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Alveolar ducts
  8. Alveoli

3. How will you differentiate between a stoma and a lenticel?

Answer:

  • Stoma: Microscopic pores found on the surface of leaves and stems, primarily involved in gas exchange and transpiration. Guard cells regulate their opening and closing.
  • Lenticel: Spongy areas on the bark of woody plants, allowing gas exchange between the internal tissues and the atmosphere. They do not open and close.

Additional FAQs

5. What role do guard cells play in the functioning of stomata?

Answer: Guard cells surround stomata and control their opening and closing by changing shape in response to environmental conditions, regulating gas exchange and water loss.

6. What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

Answer: Alveoli are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between the air and the blood.

7. What mechanisms protect the respiratory system from pathogens and particulates?

Answer: The respiratory system is protected by mucus, cilia, the coughing reflex, immune cells, and structures like the nasal hairs and epiglottis.

8. How does chronic bronchitis differ from acute bronchitis?

Answer:

  • Acute Bronchitis: Short-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes, usually caused by infections.
  • Chronic Bronchitis: Long-term inflammation, typically caused by long-term exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke.

9. Why is emphysema considered a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: Emphysema is classified as COPD because it involves long-term, progressive damage to the alveoli, leading to airflow obstruction and breathing difficulties.

10. How can pneumonia be prevented?

Answer: Pneumonia can be prevented through vaccination, practicing good hygiene, avoiding smoking, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and seeking prompt medical treatment for respiratory infections.

References:

  1.  Campbell, Neil A. (1990). Biology (2nd ed.). Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. pp. 834–835. ISBN 0-8053-1800-3.
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  3.  West, John B. (1995). Respiratory physiology– the essentials. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–10. ISBN 0-683-08937-4.
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  7.  Kacmarek, Robert M.; Dimas, Steven; Mack, Craig W. (13 August 2013). Essentials of Respiratory Care – E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323277785.
  8.  Netter, Frank H. (2014). Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides (6th ed.). Philadelphia, Penn.: W B Saunders Co. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-4557-0418-7.
  9.  Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. wood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.[page needed]
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